Dry Ice Danger (CO2 Risk) in the Logistics Chain of the Covid-19 Vaccine

Dry ice and Covid-19 vaccines

New Covid-19 vaccines

After the flu mask, hygiene measures and various containment measures, new Covid-19 vaccines It includes the variety of tools necessary to combat the pandemic. By the end of 2020, after months of development and clinical trials, several vaccines are being approved or are already in use by various national health authorities around the world.

Different Covid-19 vaccine technologies will be available, but some of the first vaccine solutions, including solutions such as the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine based on Messenger RNA (mRNA), have a common challenge: maintaining storage temperatures. Indeed, to maintain their effectiveness against the virus, some of the vaccines produced to date must be stored down to -70°C or even -80°C. It requires an ultra-low storage temperature.

dry ice cold chain

To maintain the effectiveness of the vaccine To maintain storage at a temperature of -70 °C is a real logistical challenge for manufacturers, carriers and healthcare professionals. This temperature restriction poses a challenge for the organization of mass vaccination policies: vaccination centres, storage centres, hospitals, pharmacies or medical offices. cold chain of the vaccine must be able to protect.

Unlike conventional vaccines, which require a storage temperature as low as -4°C, Covid-19 vaccine serum cannot be stored in medical freezers or conventional refrigerated transport. When faced with this constraint, various solutions are applied: cryogenic units, ultra-cold freezers, transport under nitrogen or kuru buz . Among these solutions, most specialist refrigeration carriers prefer dry ice to guarantee the cold chain throughout the shipment of Covid-19 vaccines.

of dry ice ease of production and its ability to adapt to many environments make this technique particularly effective for storing vaccines. It is also a commonly used technique for storing meal trays in aviation.

Dry ice hazard: CO2

What is dry ice?

Dry ice is simply carbon dioxide (CO2) is the solid state. It is made by compressing CO2 at very low temperature to produce blocks of dry ice or small sticks or granules.

The temperature of dry ice is -78.5ºC . It therefore makes it possible to produce cold very quickly and participate in the maintenance of the cold chain. It is used in various fields such as dry ice cleaning, food and pharmaceutical freezing, IT, chemicals, funeral homes, dermatology, winemaking, fire fighting equipment, refrigerated transportation or even pest control.

CO2 risk in vaccine cold chain

Dry ice, especially in the cold chain of Covid-19 vaccines cooling and protection feature Although it is popular for its reasons, it still carries some dangers.

First of all, dry ice is an extremely cold solid that can cause severe burns. It is a solid that sublimes above -78.5ºC and returns to the gas form carbon dioxide (CO2), a potentially dangerous gas when inhaled.

Colourless, odorless and invisible gaseous carbon dioxide, is a heavy gas that replaces oxygen and therefore a real one in closed spaces. creates a risk of anoxia.

Exposure to carbon dioxide from dry ice

When dry ice is used, carbon dioxide is released in gaseous form, the possibility of exposure of various persons to this gas. Contains . Packers, carriers, warehousers and healthcare system workers in the Codiv-19 vaccine distribution logistics chain are subject to a risk of exposure similar to the CO2 hazard in viticulture, for example.

Almost imperceptible to humans, CO2 gas released in a closed space replaces oxygen. One kilogram of dry ice produces approximately 500 liters of carbon dioxide gas. Depending on the configurations of equipment used to transport and store the Covid-19 vaccine, carbon dioxide concentrations available can have serious effects on the health of staff. Indeed, from a concentration of 1% in air, CO2 causes respiratory distress, at 3% heart rate and respiratory system disturbance, and above 5% unconsciousness which can lead to death. Therefore, the potential exposure of various workers in the dry ice cold chain of the Covid-19 vaccine can be assessed, for example, in ambient air by a portable CO2 detector. It means monitoring CO2 concentrations.

CO2 detector to secure the cold chain of COVID-19 vaccines

Beyond traditional personal protective equipment such as special gloves and safety glasses used when working with dry ice, the Covid-19 vaccine supply chain requires the use of CO2 detection equipment.

Taşınabilir CO2 dedektörü

Since the dry ice cold chain of the COVID-19 vaccine brings together many workers, the ideal safety solution is the use of a portable carbon dioxide detector. Equipment such as the iGas CO2 detector makes it easy and efficient to monitor carbon dioxide concentrations in ambient air. In the event of a dangerous CO2 concentration, the device will alert its user with a strong audible, visual and vibration alarm. Therefore, the provision of a portable detector will ensure the safety of transporters, warehouse workers, doctors, nurses or other people involved in the presence of dry ice.

 

Fixed CO2 detector

Use of dry ice to preserve the Covid-19 vaccine, Controlling CO2 risk It can also integrate fixed gas detectors for Connected to a gas control unit, a network of fixed detectors or an autonomous fixed CO2 detector, it will ensure the safety of workers in Covid-19 vaccine storage warehouses.

Additionally, the cold chain of the Covid-19 vaccine uses dry ice but also uses other cooling techniques to maintain a very low temperature. Especially in various refrigeration and ultra-cold equipment refrigerants participates in the sanitary logistics chain. Therefore, refrigerant gas leak detectors are essential for the safety and optimal operation of facilities, such as cold stores.

February 2021: New OELs

New OELs come into force in February 2021

Decree numbered 2020-1546 dated December 9, 2020, published in the Official Gazette at the end of 2020, for certain chemical substances. new binding OELs determines . Therefore, the regulation protecting exposed workers is being amended for 9 articles, 5 new OELs are being integrated and will come into force on February 1, 2021.

  • New binding OELs : wood dust, monomeric vinyl chloride, hexavalent chromium and its compounds, refractory ceramic fibers classified as carcinogenic, silica (quartz, cristobalite and tridymite alveolar dust).
  • Binding OELs vary : Acrylamide, Bromoethylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,2-epoxypropane (propylene oxide), formaldehyde, hydrazine, 2-nitropropane, ethylene oxide, o-toluidine.

What are binding OELs?

Occupational exposure limit value (OEL), which determines the maximum exposure level (time-weighted average) to hazardous substances for worker health It is a measure of protection. For some chemicals binding OELs R. 4412-149 of the French Labor Code. It is defined in the article. These safety measures are divided into two exposure periods for certain substances: long term OEL – TWA (during 8 hours of exposure) and short term OEL – STEL (15 minutes of exposure).

Unlike indicative OELs, binding occupational exposure limit values It forces employers to comply with these worker protection measures. Compliance with these regulations, such as gas masks may result in the use of personal respiratory protective equipment. In many cases, these safety requirements also apply to portable, fixed gas detectors or such as the use of reagent tubes. for measuring gases and chemicals It requires the implementation of protocols and solutions .

Compliance with new February 2021 OELs

Gas detection equipment compatibility

Made in OELs on February 1, 2021 As part of these changes, some gas detection equipment uyumlu olması gerekiyor . Whether it is a portable gas detector or a fixed detector, the monitoring device will need to be reconfigured.

For example, for long-term OEL:

  • The alarm threshold of the formaldehyde detector will drop to 0.3 ppm
  • The alarm threshold of the hydrazine detector will drop to 0.01 ppm
  • And the alarm threshold of the ethylene oxide detector will drop to 1 ppm

Where necessary, a combination of gas controllers , fixed transmitters and portable gas monitoring devices with software update together restructuring will be required. Finally, relevant portable devices and fixed gas detectors must be recalibrated following the February 1, 2021 OEL change.

For some lines of connected equipment, such as Blackline Safety gas detectors, threshold changes can be made remotely for the brand's entire fleet of devices in a few clicks, without going to a calibration station.

Reminder about respiratory protection and OELs

The new OELs provide, first of all, a reminder of the dangerousness of exposure to these substances, and secondly, they provide a reminder to all stakeholders to deal with these hazards. Reminds us that respiratory protection solutions are available. By treating OEL compliance as a minimum prevention goal, many measures can be taken to minimize risks. Preventive measures should be taken . With this in mind, teams can be provided with a variety of respiratory protection equipment to improve safety levels.

Therefore, February 2021 will be included in the new OEL list. When we look at it, we can see that wearing a dust mask provides additional protection against the dangers of exposure to silica and wood dust.

Similarly, the use of a gas mask, whether a half mask or a full face mask, can better deal with the danger of substances affected by OEL changes. However, choosing the right gas mask filter is essential. For example, this would include using a class P3 filter for maximum filtration protection against dusts (wood, silica), using a type AX filter for protection against ethylene oxide, and using a type K gas filter for protection against formaldehyde and hydrazine. Wearing a powered air-purifying respirator using the appropriate filter will provide more comfortable filtering protection (breathing effort on the filter is made by the machine, not its user).

Finally, occupational exposure limits set by law Beyond all supplied air breathing apparatus solutions allow workers to work in contaminated atmospheres well beyond the OEL. In an area contaminated above the OEL, the use of a supplied air respirator will provide breathing air from a completely independent source. Likewise, wearing a SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus) will completely isolate its wearer from polluted air thanks to the breathing air cylinder attached to the respiratory protection mask.

FFP2 Mask against coronavirus

At the beginning of 2021, FFP2 mask is becoming increasingly popular in the fight against the spread of Covid-19 . This air-purifying respiratory protective equipment that provides a high level of protection is still not well known to the general public. We are evaluating this type of mask and its use in the face of the coronavirus outbreak.

Covid-19 and FFP2 mask

Faced with Covid-19 and its more contagious variants, health authorities in different countries have taken action to limit the increased risk of transmission. FFP2 leans towards wearing masks. In Austria, they have now become mandatory in transportation, shops and service places. Germany has also made wearing this type of protective mask mandatory.

In France, the Supreme Council of Public Health recommends the wearing of high-performance category 1 disposable masks (according to standard EN 14683) for the general public. At the same time, HCPH recommends that the FFP2 mask be used only for healthcare personnel performing invasive procedures and performing manipulations of the respiratory tract.

What is an FFP2 mask?

Surgical mask VS FFP2 mask

FFP2 mask in combating the Sars-CoV-2 epidemic To understand why it is popular, it is necessary to understand the difference between a surgical mask and respiratory protective masks in the FFP category.

Surgical masks that meet the NF EN 14683 standard are, as the name suggests, primarily designed for medical use. Depending on their type (I, II or IIR), they prevent the spread of droplets but they do not prevent inhalation of aerosols (very fine particles suspended in the air). However, through aerosols Risk of infection with Covid-19 It is important. It is one of three modes of transmission of Sars-CoV-2 (others include: contact with respiratory droplets, respiratory secretions, coughing and sneezing, and contact with an infected person or surface).

Respiratory protection masks classified as FFP according to NF EN 149 standard, It is designed to protect against the finest particles found in the ambient air, especially aerosols. They are therefore currently valuable to prevent Covid-19 contamination as much as possible.

FFP2 protection

Designed with multi-layer innovative filtering materials disposable FFP2 masks It is easy to use, affordable and provides protection against viral particles such as Covid-19.

FFP2 mask with an infiltration rate of less than 8% It is a respiratory protection that filters at least 94% of aerosols. It is a respiratory protection mask that is widely used in many environments and complies with the NF EN 149 standard ( American N95 mask or similar to KN95 for South Korea). Outside of the medical environment, this PPE (personal protective equipment) is used in various industries for woodworking, metalworking or waste disposal. Indeed, FFP2 protection provides a high level of security against various elements such as droplets and aerosols from very fine wood, metal particles, welding fumes, paint, varnish and viruses.

FFP (For Filtering Face Particles) protection are available as disposable masks but are also available as gas mask filters. For example, combination filter cartridges such as A2-P3 protect against organic and inorganic gases and vapors and solid and liquid microparticles with boiling points above 65°.

Contrary to popular belief, a FFP2 PPE does not always take the form of a duckbill mask . In fact, the FFP2 qualification depends not on its shape, but on the level of protection against particles and aerosols. The FFP2 level of protection can be attributed to many types and forms of equipment. A duckbill, shell, medical, consumer, disposable, reusable or dustproof mask can achieve this qualification. The same applies to other filtered respiratory protection equipment, such as full gas masks or powered air-purifying respirators, which can be equipped with anti-particle protection filters up to FFP3 level.

Some FFP2 masks can be equipped with an exhalation valve . Wearing non-powered air cleaning (filtering) respiratory protective equipment requires a respiratory effort proportional to the level of protection of the equipment. Therefore, a valveless FFP2 mask contains resistance during inhalation and exhalation. No matter which mask shape you choose, the exhalation valve will allow exhaled air to escape more easily. Therefore, this PPE with valve provides great comfort to the user . For this reason, respiratory protection with integrated valves is generally more popular for tough jobs (sanding, spray painting, etc.).

Which FFP2 mask for Covid-19 protection?

To optimize the use of this PPE, which is important for optimal protection against Covid-19 is to choose a mask shape that fits the face properly. At the same time, for maximum protection disposable FFP2 masks should be preferred and replaced regularly.
Finally, wearing valved PPE provides genuine comfort and remains an effective protection solution for the wearer, but is likely to allow aerosols emitted by the wearer to escape into the ambient air.

Should I choose FFP3 mask?

FFP3 mask, Provides respiratory protection that filters at least 99% of aerosol with less than 2% inward leakage. This type of equipment is maximum protection level creates . The use of an FFP3 mask as protection against respiratory Covid-19 contamination may seem relevant or even necessary in certain situations. However, installing this type of protection often has a significant respiratory effort It is important to remember that it is subject to Therefore, it is often difficult to wear this equipment all day without feeling uncomfortable. To solve this problem of breathing resistance when wearing an FFP3 mask, some manufacturers are expanding their research efforts and offering increasingly comfortable equipment. For example, filtration specialist GVS, with minimal breathing resistance developed the F31000 FFP3 mask, which provides maximum protection. The same goes for the manufacturer Dräger, which optimizes protection and comfort with the CoolSAFE filtration technology of its X-plore 1900 dust mask.

It should also be noted that the selected respiratory protection mask should be worn and used in accordance with the recommendations of health authorities. Whether it is a surgical, FFP2, FFP3 mask or a traditional gas mask there are many precautions that need to be taken. Moreover, while essential for optimum protection, correct fit of the mask on the face is still too often neglected.

CO2 Danger in Bars and Restaurants

Little known to the public and professionals, used in beer dispensers and carbonation machines dangers of carbon dioxide is often underestimated. In fact, restaurants, bars and breweries are constantly CO2 tanks for serving draft beer and soft drinks stocks . Inhalation of high CO2 concentrations accumulated in closed spaces where gas cylinders are located causes many sudden accidental deaths every year.

Carbon dioxide in bars and restaurants

CO2 and beer

Beer, very commonly consumed in bars and restaurants, is a carbonated beverage that contains carbon dioxide. In alcoholic beverages such as champagne, cider or beer, natural fermentation is what produces the CO2 in the beverage. Once in the drink, the goal is to not allow the customer to escape until they consume it. beer tap And CO2 filling This is exactly where it comes into play.

Although beer is the oldest man-made beverage in the world, the beer tap was only invented at the end of the 18th century. The first beer taps were manual. You had to pump to see the beer come out. Nowadays they are cooled and pressurized.

The working principle of the system is simple: carbon dioxide (or more rarely nitrogen) is stored in a cylinder and passes through a pump to get to a pressurized vat. So when you turn on the tap, beer gushes out, driven by CO2. The liquid leaving the keg is immediately replaced with CO2 and the beer loses no gas.

CO2 and soft drinks

In catering, bars and other drinking establishments, venues are often with a professional carbonation machine is equipped. This equipment is also known as carbonated water machine or carbonated drink dispenser. They enable mixing (syrup/water) and carbon dioxide They include it to make sparkling sodas or sparkling water.

A professional mineral water machine, a water inlet, a syrup dispenser (if available) and a food grade CO2 cylinder It works with . Practical, economical and easy to use, this equipment can be found in many fast food establishments, bars and restaurants of all sizes.

CO2 cylinder: Risk of gas in restaurants and bars

Food grade CO2 cylinder: storage and use

In bars and restaurants, the use of a professional beer tap or carbonation machine requires the addition of carbon dioxide. This additive is suitable for 2 to 10 kg , a food-grade CO2 tank that may or may not be refillable It is made by . A 10kg CO2 tank can serve 70 kegs of beer or 2,100 liters of soft drinks.

While CO2 cylinders are common in bars, breweries, and restaurants, the danger they pose is not obvious to most managers and stakeholders in drinking establishments. Indeed, equipment failure, poor maintenance or misuse of these cylinders can cause serious damage to all those involved in the business. may cause a serious risk.

For all restaurants and bars Storage of CO2 cylinders The question arises. We often observe improper storage in cellars, sheds, reserves or poorly ventilated rooms (especially likely to be confined spaces prone to gas accidents).

CO2 crash in bars and restaurants

worldwide in breweries, bars and restaurants CO2 accidents due to carbon dioxide are very common. Unfortunately, many fatal accidents occur every year.

For example, in a cellar of 4 × 3 meters A 10 kg carbon dioxide cylinder if completely discharged, this would result in a CO2 concentration of over 16% by volume in the room. Like refrigerants, carbon dioxide is a gas that fills a volume by replacing oxygen. Because risk of drowning, is the main danger associated with the use of food grade CO2 cylinders. Stocks in bars and restaurants are particularly prone to this risk, but accidents can also occur when carbonation machines and beer taps malfunction or tanks are used improperly, causing CO2 leaks. may come .

CO2 danger in restaurants and bars

A CO2 leak can lead to a particularly dangerous concentration of the gas for everyone in the facility. Indeed, carbon dioxide is an odorless, colorless and mostly harmless gas when at normal concentrations (0.03%) in the air, but at higher concentrations it very quickly becomes dangerous.

CO2 detection in bars and restaurants

The use of CO2 cylinders requires taking into account its risk. Avoid CO2 hazards in bars, brasseries or restaurants Various measures must be implemented to ensure maximum protection against

Firstly, these CO2 cylinders should be stored in a well-ventilated room to avoid any accidental carbon dioxide accumulation. Secondly, in the ambient air Monitoring the CO2 level.

Fixed CO2 detector in bars and restaurants

In a bar or restaurant, the installation of a fixed CO2 detector is the optimal solution to protect people who may be exposed to very high concentrations of this gas. A fixed gas detector such as the MGS450-CO2 will be ideally placed in the cylinder storage area (vaults, reserves, etc.).

It is a security solution that will protect the place 24/7. Sound and light signaling integrated into the control unit will warn the user before he or she is in danger.

Portable CO2 detector in restaurants and bars

Besides the installation of a fixed gas detector, the use of a portable CO2 detector is an interesting alternative for monitoring carbon dioxide concentrations in drinking water utilities.

This personal protective equipment will keep its user safe when changing CO2 cylinders or doing any work on the beer dispenser or beverage machine. Using a portable gas detector will provide real-time measurement of CO2 exposure and provide an accurate indication of the carbon dioxide concentration in the room.

Many portable CO2 detectors with different advantages may be suitable, such as the small, inconspicuous and very popular iGas CO2 single gas detector or the X-am 5600 multi-gas detector which can monitor 6 gases simultaneously.

Hazards of Hydrogen Peroxide in Sterilization and Biological Decontamination

Hydrogen peroxide It is a colorless liquid usually found in aqueous solutions. Conceived by chemist Louis Jacques Thénard in 1818, it resulted from the reaction of barium peroxide with nitric acid. It was then cured with hydrochloric acid and then sulfuric acid.

The disinfectant properties of hydrogen peroxide make it a frequently used product in the medical or pharmaceutical industry. Hydrogen peroxide addresses the need for sterilization and biodecontamination of reusable instruments in research laboratories and pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. However, the use of this chemical element poses some dangers and requires gas detection and respiratory protection equipment.

Disinfection and biological decontamination with hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide in the medical environment

In the medical world to provide care, prevent infections, and prevent cross-contamination. Sterilization of care equipment is essential. Again disinfection of usable medical equipment with water vapor or It is carried out with hydrogen peroxide. The technique using H2O2 is widely used because using an autoclave (water vapor pressurized hermetic chamber) at high temperatures can damage the material to be sterilized, such as plastic or some complex or fragile medical instruments. For example, hydrogen peroxide disinfection is used for catheters, endoscopes, and surgical instruments.

Hydrogen peroxide sterilization The technique is performed at cold and low pressure by exposing medical equipment to this gas. medical instruments plasma sterilizer Cleaning using , destroys infectious agents quickly and easily (approximately 1 to 2 hours after cleaning the equipment). The instruments to be disinfected are placed in a vacuum chamber and then to evaporated or gaseous H2O2 is subjected to . A hydrogen peroxide plasma phase is produced by an electromagnetic field. It is during this reaction that bacterial cells are destroyed and the instruments are completely sterilized. After ventilation, the chamber can finally be opened and the sterilized material can be reused.

Hydrogen peroxide in the pharmaceutical industry

H2O2 is also used in the pharmaceutical industry biological decontamination It may also be useful for . For many pharmaceutical applications (research, production, control, etc.), contamination risk control is an important issue. These activities, for example the production of sterile medicines, require clean room implementation with reference to the ISO 14644 standard. Therefore the pharmaceutical industry operates controlled atmosphere zones (CAZs) and risks of microbial contamination And biological decontamination processes requires control. These include pharmaceutical manufacturing workshops, stability rooms, clean rooms, transfer rooms, isolators and some warehouses.*

Although the principle of gas disinfection has been known since ancient times (sulfur, arsenic, hydrochloric acid) and after the operation of different gases such as ethylene oxide (ETO) or formaldehyde, today the pharmaceutical industry prefers hydrogen peroxide for bio-decontamination processes of clean areas. Not only is this substance a disinfectant, but food grade H2O2 is the most economical and environmentally friendly of all cleaning materials.

Sterilization of clean rooms hydrogen peroxide fumigation is accomplished by H2O2 evaporation or dispersing a solution in H2O2 aerosol droplets. It is essential to meticulously clean the areas with disinfectant liquid. Hygiene measures include treating a room with automatic disinfection machines to destroy all types of microbial and bacterial contamination present in a room, thereby decontaminating the entire environment. Airborne decontamination procedures It requires high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (up to 35%) in a room and must be performed in a closed area without any personnel.

Danger of H2O2 in the medical and pharmaceutical industry

Hydrogen peroxide properties

Hydrogen peroxide, CAS 7722-84-1, also known as hydrogen peroxide, is widely used in the medical and pharmaceutical industries. H2O2 is a toxic, corrosive and oxidizing element. Its corrosive and toxic properties make it An excellent biocide for sterilization and bio-decontamination does . The medical and pharmaceutical industries use hydrogen peroxide specifically for its oxidizing properties, which enable it to act as an antiseptic. It is also used in the food industry (packaging sterilization), water purification and the paper industry (pulp bleaching). To protect workers from these dangerous gas properties, French health authorities Established 1ppm OELP (8-hour occupational exposure limit value).

H2O2 hazards in biodecontamination

The use of hydrogen peroxide in the medical and pharmaceutical industries poses a danger to many professionals working in these fields. The use of oxygenated liquid as a sterilization and biological decontamination agent chronic or accidental acute exposure to hazardous concentrations may contain . Malfunction or misuse of machinery, non-compliance with safety procedures or misuse of H2O2 solutions can lead to gas leakage and dangerous health effects in humans.

Chronic exposure to low concentrations of H2O2 causes skin irritation, hair graying, and respiratory irritation. Exposure to high concentrations may cause significant inhalation of hydrogen peroxide vapors, which may lead to severe respiratory distress, loss of consciousness, or fatal systemic poisoning.

Hydrogen peroxide detectors

Hydrogen peroxide detectors for disinfection

Due to the dangers of hydrogen peroxide, safety precautions must be taken in medical and pharmaceutical environments where this gas is used.

Among these safety measures, detecting and monitoring the concentrations of this gas is an indispensable action. Various measuring solutions are used for this purpose:

  • Portable H2O2 detector : portable and practical, a portable hydrogen peroxide detector such as the X-am 5100 or the WatchGas PDM+ immediately alerts its user to whatever danger may be. The Portasens III detector enables extremely precise measurement of concentrations and leaks in sterilization equipment with its sampling probe and replaceable sensors.
  • Fixed hydrogen peroxide detectors : Ideal for monitoring bio-decontamination processes in the pharmaceutical industry, a fixed B12 detector for the safe area installed in the treatment room and connected to a gas controller outside the room guarantees continuous monitoring of the gas concentration. For ATEX zones, KwikSente Lite and KwikSense Pro (SIL2) are preferred.
  • Colorimetric reagent tubes : cheap and easy to use, helping to quickly measure the concentration of these substances, for example after a decontamination process, to dispel any doubts before entering a treated room. Whether Gastec reagent tubes or Dräger tubes, colorimetric tubes are precise, economical devices that do not require special skills.
  • Gas detectors equipped with a sampling pump: Highly appreciated by industry, laboratories, water treatment, pollution control facilities and the semiconductor industry. The SI-H100 gas detector with integrated sampling pump captures and analyzes toxic substances from up to 30 meters away.

Respiratory protective equipment for biodecontamination

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decontamination, strict safety precautions and appropriate respiratory protection equipment requires . Whether for disinfection of industrial furniture in the pharmaceutical industry or for use in emergency interventions, a range of devices are required to ensure worker safety.

Biodecontamination using hydrogen peroxide vapor is a very effective method to eliminate harmful microorganisms and residues in controlled contamination environments such as clean rooms and laboratories. However, this method presents significant health risks if inhaled, such as skin burns and irreparable respiratory damage. for H2O2 occupational exposure limit (OEL) is usually set at 1 ppm, highlighting the need to rigorously monitor exposure levels.

The daily use of hazardous substances in the pharmaceutical industry exposes workers to the risk of contamination. Residues and microorganisms can affect employee health, product quality and hygiene. To avoid these risks, workers must wear special PPE, such as hazmat suits and full-face masks connected to respirators. For example, Dräger offers appropriate respiratory protection with the X-Plore 6300 full-face mask fitted with the ABEK2Hg-P3 cartridge or the X-Plore 8000 powered air purifier with a filter of the same type for long-term operation and combined with various facepieces to H2O2 vapors Provides effective protection against.

When personnel must work in environments with high H2O2 concentration, appropriate respiratory protection equipment It is vital to use . Working in controlled environments requires an air supply system to provide a constant flow of breathable air. In an emergency, a self-contained breathing apparatus (for maximum protection) SCBA) is required. Additionally, to ensure quick and safe evacuation Emergency evacuation devices, such as self-rescue masks, should be available.

Finally, in addition to respiratory equipment, HAZMAT suits Other such as (CHEM1, CHEM3, CPS 5800) category 3 PPE is necessary . Made from durable materials, these garments insulate the body and prevent contact with hydrogen peroxide and other hazardous substances.

Flu Mask

WHO (World Health Organization) states that coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause diseases ranging from a simple cold to more serious pathologies such as MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) or SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome). The virus identified in China is a new coronavirus. It has been named 2019-nCoV.

coronavirus symptoms

The main symptoms are fever and cough or shortness of breath. In more severe cases, the patient may experience acute respiratory distress, acute renal failure, or even multivisceral insufficiency, which can lead to death. The incubation period, the time between exposure to the virus and the appearance of the first symptoms, is estimated to be between 10 and 14 days.

coronavirus transmission

Coronaviruses spread from person to person through close contact or respiratory secretions (coughing, sneezing). Touching an object or surface that has come into contact with the virus and then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes before washing your hands can also spread the coronavirus.

Flu mask race against coronavirus

The demand for “coronavirus masks” increased very sharply in mid-January after the virus spread around the world. The coronavirus outbreak, first declared in the Hubei region of China on December 31, 2019, has now reached several thousand people infected in China, and there are now cases of transmission in many other countries.

In the face of the rapid spread of the coronavirus, it is strongly recommended to take comprehensive preventive measures and pay particular attention to the following:

  • Limit travel to risk areas whenever possible.
  • Frequently use hydroalcohol solution for hand disinfection.
  • Use disposable wipes.
  • Wear an FFP2 or FFP3 class face mask to protect yourself from the virus but also stay away from possible contamination.

In recent days, many observers have noted a “mad rush” in sales of masks against the coronavirus, with a shortage of face masks in pharmacies and many wholesalers. Faced with this equipment race, it is important to understand the actual function of a flu mask.

Flu mask – protective face mask

FFP3 protection class

Disposable masks, more commonly known as ” dust masks ”, are respiratory protective devices popular in dusty environments or environments with toxic substances such as viruses (avian flu, H1N1, Coronavirus, etc.) or bacteria. They are governed by the EN149:2001 standard, which defines 3 protection classes (FFP1, FFP2 or FFP3) according to their ability to retain solid and/or liquid particles such as aerosols. FFP3 class is the most efficient (> 99% filtration) and therefore should be preferred based on the principle of “he who can do the most, can do the least”.

Why disposable mask?

First of all, it is common sense. In cases of increased contamination risks, disposable wipes, such as disposable masks, will be preferred. Masks are one of the best protections against the risks of chemical or biological contamination. They are used for a certain period of time and thrown away after use. It is important for safety to make sure you use hydro alcohol solution before and after safe insertion and disposal.

Why breathing valve?

 

For use lasting more than tens of minutes, the use of an FFP3 mask with an exhalation valve is strongly recommended. The exhalation valve expels warm and moist exhaled air, thus preventing heat and condensation from accumulating under the mask. In short, the flu mask with valve ensures that its user stays in a cool and healthy environment. Breathing is particularly easy thanks to the very low breathing resistance (thanks to the valve).

Our tips and suggestions

Many colleagues recommend using at least a disposable FFP2 mask. As mentioned above, we are more likely to recommend the use of FFP3 masks, which filter out maximum 99% of particles and aerosols with an exhalation valve for better hygiene and increased comfort. Two models caught our attention: the X -plore 1930 V mask, a foldable version, and the GVS Elipse mask, available on our website SafetyGas.com, a reusable version.

Mask Cleaning and Maintenance

Cleaning respiratory protection masks

The facepiece of a respirator (a gas mask, half mask, full face mask, or hood) is the most sensitive piece of equipment because it is in close contact with the breathing user. Over time and with repeated use, this part can become dirty and contaminated with dust, condensation, sweat, and even bacteria.

of the mask In addition to maintenance and annual control Regular cleaning is also a hygienic issue;

  • Eliminate dust, dirt and bacteria build-up
  • Prevent fungal growth
  • Reduce device replacement costs
  • Maintain the protective performance of equipment
  • Assure the user that the mask is clean and healthy

Mask cleaning with disinfectant wipes

At least, mask cleaning It can be done using a solution of water and a non-aggressive detergent (according to the manufacturer's recommendations) or appropriate disinfectant wipes. However, this practice has some disadvantages: it requires close attention to the expiratory valves and mask sealing, but above all it does not guarantee complete disinfection in every corner of the mask.

Good mask cleaning practices

Good practice for cleaning PPE masks, which are more complex to apply, involves several steps, ranging from high water washing to bagging the mask after washing and disinfection. After the mask is washed with a large amount of water, it is placed in a special washing machine using a special cleaning and disinfection product with a suitable temperature program for perfect cleaning and hygiene. It is then dried at temperature to ensure the elimination of any germs or bacteria. After drying, it is individually sealed and packaged, proving that it is healthy and suitable for use.

Banning practices

Some reflexes and unwise advice encourage cleaning techniques that can damage a PPE mask, such as using aggressive detergents, talcum powder or glass cleaning products for the visor. These products should be avoided because they pose risks of dermal transmission, inhalation, and material degradation. If the mask is being washed by hand, it is important to proceed gently to avoid damaging fragile elements of the mask such as the sealing skirt, panoramic visor, exhalation valve or phonic membrane.

Also note that gas mask filters cannot be cleaned, a passage through water will render them unusable. don't forget . Likewise, disassembling and “dusting” cleaning a filter cartridge will irreversibly affect its filtration capacity. In case of doubt, it is important to refer to the care recommendations detailed in the manufacturer's instructions.

Periodic control of respiratory protective equipment

Gas masks, PAPRs (powered air-purifying respirators), supplied air respirators and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) are class III personal protective equipment. The decree of 19 March 1993 requires periodic inspection and control of category III PPE by an approved maintenance center once a year to verify their proper functioning.

Ozone Cleanup: Hazards and Protective Equipment

While we hear a lot about ozone pollution peaks or the ozone layer protecting the planet from UV rays, there is one aspect of this gas that is little known: ozone cleaning . This disinfection and cleaning technique is increasingly applied by professionals, especially since the beginning of the Covid-19 crisis. Ozone cleaning technique, dangers of exposure to this gas and for exposed employees. Let's review the available protection tools.

What is ozone cleaning?

Ozone cleaning technique

Ozone (O3) cleaning It is a simple technique: it consists of applying the gas to a room, a closed place or a vehicle via an ozone generator (or ozonator) and allowing it to act until it turns into oxygen (O2). Thanks to its oxidizing power, O3 disinfects by destroying viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi found on all surfaces of a room and suspended in the air.

To be effective, ozone cleaning must be carried out in the relevant indoor environment. It needs an ozone concentration of 10 to 20 ppm in ambient air. This level of concentration is for everyone in that room. a mortal danger creates . Therefore, this procedure should be performed in an area where there are no occupants for the duration of the treatment. After this process, space ventilation or air recycling must be carried out to ensure the safety of future occupants.

Despite these requirements, spray ozone or ozonated water cleaning technique It was developed in hospitals and is now used in various areas (vehicle cleaning, office cleaning, hotel rooms, etc.). This practice is gaining popularity because it avoids the use of toxic and polluting products, is easy to apply, and quickly eliminates odors. Nowadays it is even possible to use this technique at home with a home ozone generator.

Ozone cleaning against coronavirus

The coronavirus health crisis has enhanced the practice of ozone cleaning. This technique is suitable for complex places that need to be disinfected, such as offices, public reception areas or even public transport. complete decontamination It is particularly popular because it makes it possible to perform it easily.

Although there are many alternatives (virulides, dry steam, UV rays, cold plasma, aerosol cans) for disinfection of places potentially affected by COVID-19, ozone cleaning has some advantages:

  • O3 destroys all kinds of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, spores) and disinfects all surfaces and ambient air infected with coronavirus.
  • Ozonators are available to all businesses and public organizations at affordable prices.
  • Ozone cleaning can be done by one person.
  • It is a non-polluting technique.

Ozone cleaning dangers

ozone gas

Ozone or trioxygen (CAS number 10028-15-6) is a chemical composed of 3 oxygen atoms that rapidly breaks down into oxygen (dioxygen, O2) in ambient air. Ozone, in gaseous, liquid or diluted water form, is a toxic, corrosive and potentially oxidizing substance. in gaseous form O3 is a colorless or slightly bluish (when pure) gas and It emits an odor similar to bleach or chlorine and can be detected by human scent at levels as low as 0.01 ppm.

Ozone is one of the chemicals with the greatest oxidizing power (52% more effective than chlorine (Cl2), for example, and has a much faster cleaning effect). Trioxygenine oxidizing power , making it a particularly effective microbial agent with a very broad spectrum of action. Known for its oxidizing and disinfectant properties, this substance is used in drinking water disinfection, wastewater treatment, treatment of medical wounds (antiseptic and bactericidal properties), swimming pool water treatment (disinfectant), laundry cleaning, paper industry (bleaching agent), food industry (equipment and food processing). products) or in agriculture (pest control action on grain stocks).

Dangers of ozone exposure

The oxidizing power used by the ozone cleaning process Represents a real health hazard . In fact, exposure to certain concentrations of ozone can have health effects on workers performing the cleaning or on people in the treated area that is inadequately ventilated after the process.

ozone exposure It passes mainly through the respiratory tract, but can also affect the skin, mucous membranes and eyes, causing eye irritation, pulmonary edema, as well as damage to the respiratory organs. Depending on the concentration of the gas in the ambient air, those present may be prone to difficulty breathing, cough, dyspnea, chest pain, bronchial hypersecretion, or shortness of breath for up to 48 hours after exposure. When the concentration of trioxygen in ambient air reaches 5 ppm, it poses an immediate danger to life or health.

Also used in cleaning processes chronic exposure to ozone It can cause harmful pulmonary respiratory effects (atrophy of alveolar walls, fibrosis, bronchopia, dyspnea) and affect the neurological system (headache, memory problems, neuromuscular disorders).

Depends on ozone cleaning To avoid these hazards, in France, the INRS sets occupational exposure limit values ​​(OEL) for trioxygen as follows: 0.1 ppm for TWA (Time-Weighted Average threshold limit value for an 8-hour working day) and 0.2 ppm for STEL (Short Term Exposure limit value for a period of 15 minutes).

Protective equipment for ozone cleaning

Operators performing ozone removal may be exposed chronically and/or excessively to particularly dangerous ozone concentrations. Therefore, these people must have adequate protective equipment: respiratory protection And ozone detector .

Ozone respiratory protection

When contaminated ambient air is encountered during or after the ozone cleaning process, respiratory protection mask Wearing it helps ensure the safety of workers performing the task.

The use of a full face respirator (full face covering) is recommended to help with eye irritation. This air purification protection must be used with ABEK2 Hg CO P3 or ABEK2 NO P3 filter cartridges . These combined filters for gas masks protect against organic, inorganic and acid gases and vapors, ammonia and organic derivatives, vapors, compounds and mercury derivatives, carbon monoxide (CO), solid particles, liquids, radioactive, toxic and microorganisms.

It is common practice to equip workers performing ozone cleaning with air-purifying respiratory protection (gas masks) that provide a certain level of protection. However, it is worth noting that ozone, due to its oxidizing and corrosive properties, reacts with activated carbon and hopkalite, which form the filtering medium in gas mask cartridges. Contact with ozone and these components causes their oxidation and therefore the filter capacity decreases faster than under normal use conditions. Therefore, a filter cartridge used for respiratory protection during ozone cleaning will have a faster degradation time and will need to be replaced more frequently.

 

In case of very high ozone concentrations in an enclosed space, wearing a self-contained respirator is also recommended. For example, an emergency response would require the use of a full SCBA, which allows the responder to be completely isolated from the atmosphere in which he or she is working (breathing air from a compressed air cylinder).

Additionally, regardless of the respiratory protective equipment used, an inspection of the respirator or SCBA should be performed after each use in such a situation. In fact, ozone exposure in some materials can degrade them through oxidation. For example, at high concentrations, rubber, neoprene, polyamide, and polypropylene are not resistant to O3 in gaseous or diluted form. Inspection and maintenance of respiratory protective equipment will monitor potential degradation of certain elements due to ozone exposure and ensure user safety.

ozone gas detector

We recommend a simple portable single gas detector for the detection of ozone remaining after cleaning. A single gas detector located next to the person doing the cleaning alerts them when the gas concentration reaches a dangerous level. Portable single gas detectors such as the Dräger PAC 8000 ozone detector are compact, easy to use and maximize team safety thanks to visual, vibration and audible alarms triggered at 0.1 and 0.2 ppm. The SI-H100 gas detector with integrated sampling pump can measure the substance up to 30 meters away, providing the operator with additional safety.

 

The smell of ozone can be detected by human smell, but the perception of ozone is limited to that in a room or a closed environment. clear measurement of gas concentration does not hold its place. Because, at all stages of ozone cleaning To protect the health of employees, it is necessary to have equipment that can precisely measure the presence of trioxygen in the air.

Varroa Treatment And Beekeeper Respiratory Protection Equipment

Varroa treatment: formic acid and oxalic acid

When a bee colony is infested with Varroa mites, beekeepers sometimes have no alternative but to use products that may pose a risk to their health. In this way, all against these parasites and true bee predators. Varroa treatment solutions due to their proven effectiveness among formic acid And oxalic acid is often preferred.

When using these solutions, wear respiratory protection to complete acid detectors It is possible to install. For example, the WatchGas UNI is perfectly suited for the detection of formic acid, allowing you to anticipate and protect yourself as much as possible. Nowadays, it is forbidden to clean a beehive with acetic acid. The PortaSens III detector would have made it possible to detect its presence in the past and thus optimize alertness.

Why is a beekeeping respirator used in the fight against Varroa?

Varroa treatment: a tool for occupational diseases of beekeepers

Using chemical products to regulate and eliminate bee parasites and predators to health risks subject to. Indeed, whether you use formic acid or oxalic acid or other products, each agent It has properties that may have negative effects on the health of beekeepers. lesions , chemical burns Many health effects, such as illnesses and other diseases that sometimes occur years later, are associated with the use and handling of these products. Because respiratory protective equipment for beekeepers It is essential to be aware of the risks associated with these chemical products to understand why it is important .

Formic acid respiratory protection

Formic acid , which can be harmful to nestlings and queens. It is an organic acid. It is essential to comply with dosages, precautions and temperatures of use when treating Varroa mites. Since formic acid is toxic to humans adapted beekeeper protective equipment It should be used carefully and properly (gloves, glasses and mask). Indeed, concentrations in air when spraying this acid can reach 400 ppm (parts per million).

Formic acid, which is particularly irritating, is prone to skin contact. severe burns (corrosive effect) or sprayed or with acid vapor serious in contact eye damage why could it be . Moreover, when inhaled Formic acid is extremely harmful to the respiratory tract . In case of absorption, this acid can perforate the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. Because, It is essential to wear appropriate beekeeper respiratory protection when treating varroa mites .

Oxalic acid respiratory protection

 

Also used by beekeepers oxalic acid It is considered an additional treatment. This acid is easy to use and inexpensive. Very effective for treating Varroa mites .

However, just like formic acid, oxalic acid has health-hazardous properties and should be used with caution. This acid used in sublimation is very a volatile and dangerous gas It is heated to 160°C to be transformed.

Oxalic acid, which is irritating and toxic respiratory tract and can be easily absorbed by the skin. Symptoms of the absorption of this substance are many. Ingestion of oxalic acid blood system disorders And to kidney failure It has been proven that it may cause The dangers of oxalic acid don't just affect beekeepers when they treat their hives for Varroa. This acid is also used in other applications such as the metal surface treatment process or as a bleaching agent in the textile, paper or wood industries.

What respiratory protective equipment should be used in beekeeping?

Activities and respiratory protection for beekeepers

Depending on the activities and Varroa treatment process used, beekeeping professionals must be appropriately protected. Even if specialist magazines recommend wearing only simple disposable masks, it is highly recommended for beekeepers to use real respiratory protective masks and half masks due to the toxic nature of chemical products. Respiratory protective half masks and panoramic masks – also called gas masks – equipped with filters specially designed to purify the air from toxic substances that can be inhaled in the ambient air Optimum protection for the beekeeper provides .

In this way, harmful and irritating gases When treating Varroa by sublimation, a full face mask is required. During a drip treatment or when using treatment products, protect the respiratory tract A respirator with a half mask will be sufficient. Additionally, a powered air purifying respirator can also be used by beekeepers to achieve stronger and more comfortable respiratory protection.

Beekeeping respiratory protective devices and filters

Like pesticide respirators for farmers, respirators, half masks, full face masks and powered air purification in the fight against Varroa mites respirators are essential for the safety of workers in the beekeeping industry .

 

Beekeeper half mask

X-plore 3300 half mask for varroa treatment and preparation It is recommended to be equipped with . This low-maintenance dual cartridge respirator is ideal for beekeepers and provides a wide, unobstructed field of view while being cost-effective.

 

Beekeeper respirator – full face mask

To protect both the respiratory tract and the upper face, especially the eyes X-plore 5500 full face mask It is recommended to install . Like the half mask, this panoramic mask can be equipped with two EP3 and ABEKK1H2P3 filter cartridges, offering the user a wide field of vision.

 

Powered air purifying respirator

Finally, for those who require the highest level of air-purifying respiratory protection, Duraflow supported air cleaning system It is the ideal solution to protect against harmful and irritating substances during varroa mite treatment. Featuring a motor and respiratory protection filter, Duraflow reduces the wearer's respiratory effort by injecting clean air directly into the face piece. Thus, it allows longer applications in a safer environment.

Beekeeper respirator filter cartridges

The effectiveness of the air-purifying respiratory protective device depends above all on the filter attached to it. It provides protection against both gases and particles to meet the needs of beekeepers who have to protect their respiratory tract from toxic and irritating substances. combined filters It is recommended to use. In this way, the filters that beekeepers use in their half masks and panoramic gas mask respirators Type E3 and ABEK1HGP3 belongs to . These respiratory filters are effective against organic and inorganic gases and vapors, sulfur dioxide, acids, ammonia, amine compounds and offer suitable respiratory protection against acids used by beekeepers.

Notre-Dame Leadership: Protective Equipment for Professionals

Notre-Dame fire and lead contamination

On April 15, 2019 Notre-Dame fire It started on the building's frame in the late afternoon. The so-called “Forest” – the impressive framework supporting the lead roof and the cathedral's spire (120 m long, 10 m high, required 21 hectares of forest to complete) was engulfed in flames for more than 10 hours. The devastating fire destroyed the frame and roof, caused some of the building's vaults to collapse, and destroyed much of the artwork and artifacts inside the cathedral. caused by this fire from combustion emissions, Notre-Dame’da bulunan yüzlerce ton kurşunun Its melting produced oxides and lead particles. Measured around the cathedral after the disaster lead particle pollution is especially important. The average daily lead presence in Paris was estimated at 5000 micrograms per square metre, while readings after the fire in Notre-Dame and surrounding areas Lead concentrations of 20,000 to 50,000 μg/m2 and above is showing . These very high levels of lead particles hazardous effects on health and the environment may have . These results therefore call for measures to be taken for those living and working at the Notre-Dame de Paris cleanup and reconstruction sites. In mid-summer 2019, local officials began implementing a decontamination plan for the area.

Health effects of lead

Lead is a heavy metal classified as toxic, mutagenic, reproductive and ecotoxic. This element is also considered carcinogenic (by IARC). The danger of lead contamination lies in smoke or particle exposure. If inhaled or swallowed, these particles can have many hazardous effects on health. Acute or chronic poisoning, lead poisoning is called and with a blood lead level of more than 50 μg/L (micrograms per liter of blood) is defined. The symptoms of this disease are many: headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, psychomotor disorders, paralysis, anemia, dysfunction of the gastrointestinal system and kidneys, high blood pressure, male infertility, intoxication of the fetus causing developmental delays and disorders, fatal encephalitis and comma. at lower concentrations before the official threshold for reporting lead poisoning is reached. lead exposure It may also trigger some of these symptoms.

Notre-Dame lead dust danger

The presence of high levels of lead particles around Notre-Dame may lead to lead poisoning in the population living in this area . Bullet inhalation and swallowing of dust The risk of triggering many health disorders is a possibility. Therefore the authorities simple preventative actions advocating (prohibiting public access to contaminated areas, carrying out regular cleaning to prevent contamination, hands and objects in contact with the ground and street furniture should not touch the face or mouth), disinfecting affected areas (including schools, cathedral courtyards, parks and gardens, etc.) and at-risk advocates lead poisoning screening for the population (children, pregnant women).

Beyond the potential danger to the people of Paris, Notre-Dame field the fire broke out for workers at the reconstruction site poses a greater danger. In fact, the building, spared from rubble and flames, lead dust pollution is at its highest level places (up to 1,300,000 μg/m2 lead measured in the front yard). Therefore, work in the field should be especially supervised and in the best security conditions should be carried out. The same applies to workers and others involved in the decontamination of at-risk areas: adequate protective equipment for people chronically exposed to lead dust (especially respiratory protective masks). It is essential to use .

Lead protection equipment

Respiratory protection against lead dust and particles

Lead pollution caused by the Notre-Dame fire poses a real health hazard to workers and individuals on the cathedral site . on the field First safety measure in case of lead exposure lead PPE (personal protective equipment) is to use: One with P3 filter (dust filter cartridge) PAPR mask ( powered air-purifying respirator ). Unlike traditional gas masks, this type respiratory protective equipment It provides effective protection to the user for a long time. Motorized air purifying respirator, It is a positive pressure system that brings clean filtered air to the breathing mask. For example The mask user wearing the Scott Safety Phantom Vision therefore does not have to make a high respiratory effort and can use this type of device for a long time.

 

Equipped with P3 filter cartridge using a PAPR mask, Against dust and lead particles found at the Notre-Dame site Provides excellent protection. Different types of masks can be attached to a powered air-purifying respirator, but full protection against bullet It is necessary to use a full face mask that protects the eyes from any protrusions and the respiratory tract (preventing lead inhalation and swallowing).

Other lead protective equipment

Personnel working at the Notre-Dame facility or participating in pollution removal efforts prevent lead poisoning for , polluting showers and in the polluting facility disposable overalls Other equipment such as wearing (with disposable underwear) should be used and provided. Some preventive rules should also be followed: do not eat, drink, smoke in contaminated premises, separate work clothes, Preventing the spread of lead particles around Notre-Dame To humidify work areas, filter water and remove dust at ultra-high pressure with suction, descaling gel or surfactant detergent.